SUBPART B — FLIGHT
Normal-Category Aeroplanes (CS-23) · CS-23 · CS 23.2100 – CS 23.2170
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CS 23.2100 Mass and centre of gravity
The applicant must determine limits for mass and centre of gravity that provide for the safe operation of the aeroplane.
AMC1 23.2100 Mass and centre of gravity
CS 23.2105 Performance data
Unless otherwise prescribed, an aeroplane must meet the performance requirements of this Subpart in:
CS 23.2110 Stall speed
The applicant must determine the aeroplane stall speed or the minimum steady flight speed for each flight configuration used in normal operations…
CS 23.2115 Take-off performance
The applicant must determine aeroplane take-off performance accounting for:
AMC1 23.2115 Take-off performance
CS 23.2120 Climb requirements
The design must comply with the following minimum climb performance out of ground effect:
AMC1 23.2120 Climb requirements
CS 23.2125 Climb information
The applicant must determine, as applicable, climb and/or descent performance:
AMC1 23.2125 Climb information
CS 23.2130 Landing
The applicant must determine the following, for standard temperatures at critical combinations of mass and altitude within the operational limits:
CS 23.2135 Controllability
The aeroplane must be controllable and manoeuvrable, without requiring exceptional piloting skills, alertness, or strength, within the operating envelope:
CS 23.2140 Trim
The aeroplane must maintain lateral and directional trim without further force upon, or movement of, the primary flight controls or corresponding trim…
CS 23.2145 Stability
Aeroplanes not certified for aerobatics must: have static longitudinal, lateral, and directional stability in normal operations;
CS 23.2150 Stall characteristics, stall warning, and spins
The aeroplane must have controllable stall characteristics in straight flight, turning flight, and accelerated turning flight with a clear and…
AMC1 23.2150 Stall characteristics, stall warning, and spins
AMC2 23.2150 Stall characteristics, stall warning, and spins
AMC3 23.2150 Stall characteristics, stall warning, and spins
CS 23.2155 Ground- and water-handling characteristics
The aeroplane has controllable longitudinal and directional handling characteristics during taxi, take-off, and landing for the anticipated operation.
AMC1 23.2155 Ground- and water-handling characteristics
CS 23.2160 Vibration, buffeting, and high-speed characteristics
Vibration and buffeting, for operations up to VD/MD, must not interfere with the control of the aeroplane or cause excessive fatigue to the flight crew.
AMC1 23.2160 Vibration, buffeting, and high-speed characteristics
AMC2 23.2160 Vibration, buffeting, and high-speed characteristics
AMC3 23.2160 Vibration, buffeting, and high-speed characteristics
CS 23.2165 Performance and flight characteristics requirements for flight in icing conditions
An applicant who requests certification for flight in icing conditions must show the following in the icing conditions for which certification is…
AMC1 23.2165 Performance and flight characteristics requirements for flight in icing conditions
AMC2 23.2165 Performance and flight characteristics requirements for flight in icing conditions
AMC3 23.2165 Performance and flight characteristics requirements for flight in icing conditions
CS 23.2170 Operating limitations
The following flight information is established: operating limitations, procedures and instructions necessary for the safe operation of the aeroplane;
AMC1 23.2170 Operating limitations
Consolidated from the EASA Easy Access Rules (revision 13 May 2026, extracted 17 Aug 2026) for convenience. Not the official publication — verify against the Official Journal of the European Union and the EASA publications before operational use.
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