FLIGHT INSTRUCTION FOR THE PPL(AS)
(a)Entry to training Before being accepted for training an applicant should be informed that the appropriate medical certificate must be obtained before solo flying is permitted.
(b)Flight instruction
(1)The PPL(As) flight instruction syllabus should take into account the principles of threat and error management and cover:
(i)pre-flight operations, including mass and balance determination, airship inspection and servicing;
(ii)ground manoeuvring, masting and unmasting procedures;
(iii)aerodrome and traffic pattern operations, collision avoidance precautions and procedures;
(iv)control of the airship by external visual reference;
(v)take-offs and landings;
(vi)flight by reference solely to instruments, including the completion of a level 180 ° turn;
(vii)cross-country flying using visual reference, dead reckoning and radio navigation aids;
(viii)emergency operations, including simulated airship equipment malfunctions;
(ix)operations to, from and transiting controlled aerodromes, compliance with air traffic services procedures, communication procedures and phraseology.
(2)Before allowing the applicant for a PPL(As) to undertake his/her first solo flight, the FI should ensure that the applicant can use R/T communication.
(c)Syllabus of flight instruction
(1)The numbering of exercises should be used primarily as an exercise reference list and as a broad instructional sequencing guide; therefore the demonstrations and practices need not necessarily be given in the order listed. The actual order and content will depend upon the following interrelated factors:
(i)the applicant’s progress and ability;
(ii)the weather conditions affecting the flight;
(iii)the flight time available;
(iv)instructional technique considerations;
(v)the local operating environment;
(vi)applicability of the exercises to the airship.
(2)Each of the exercises involves the need for the applicant to be aware of the needs of good airmanship and look-out, which should be emphasised at all times.
(i)Exercise 1a: Familiarisation with the airship:
(A)characteristics of the airship;
(B)cockpit layout;
(C)systems;
(D)checklists, drills and controls.
(ii)Exercise 1b: Emergency drills:
(A)action if fire on the ground and in the air;
(B)engine cabin and electrical system fire;
(C)systems failure;
(D)escape drills, location and use of emergency equipment and exits.
(iii)Exercise 2: Preparation for and action after flight:
(A)flight authorisation and airship acceptance;
(B)serviceability documents;
(C)equipment required, maps, etc.;
(D)mass and balance;
(E)external checks;
(F)ground crew briefing;
(G)internal checks;
(H)harness, seat or rudder panel adjustments;
(I)starting and warm-up checks;
(J)power checks;
(K)running down system checks and switching off the engine;
(L)parking, security and masting;
(M)completion of authorisation sheet and serviceability documents.
(iv)Exercise 3: Air experience: flight exercise.
(v)Exercise 4: Effects of controls:
(A)primary effects;
(B)further effects;
(C)effects of:
(a)air speed;
(b)power;
(c)trimming controls;
(d)other controls, as applicable.
(D)operation of:
(a)mixture control;
(b)carburettor heat;
(c)cabin heating or ventilation.
(vi)Exercise 5: Ground manoeuvring:
(A)pre-taxi checks;
(B)starting, control of speed and stopping;
(C)engine handling;
(D)masting procedures;
(E)control of direction and turning;
(F)effects of wind;
(G)effects of ground surface;
(H)marshalling signals;
(I)instrument checks;
(J)air traffic control procedures;
(K)emergencies.
(vii)Exercise 6a: Take-off procedures:
(A)pre-take-off checks;
(B)take-off with different static heaviness;
(C)drills during and after take-off;
(D)noise abatement procedures.
(viii)Exercise 6b: Emergencies:
(A)abandoned take-off;
(B)engine failure after take-off;
(C)malfunctions of thrust vector control;
(D)aerodynamic control failures;
(E)electrical and system failures.
(ix)Exercise 7: Climbing:
(A)entry, maintaining the normal and max rate climb and levelling off;
(B)levelling off at selected altitudes;
(C)maximum angle of climb;
(D)maximum rate of climb.
(x)Exercise 8: Straight and level:
(A)attaining and maintaining straight and level flight;
(B)flight at or close to pressure height;
(C)control in pitch, including use of trim;
(D)at selected air speeds (use of power);
(E)during speed changes;
(F)use of instruments for precision.
(xi)Exercise 9: Descending:
(A)entry, maintaining and levelling off;
(B)levelling off at selected altitudes;
(C)maximum rate of descent;
(D)maximum angle of descent;
(E)use of instruments for precision flight.
(xii)Exercise 10: Turning:
(A)entry and maintaining level turns;
(B)resuming straight flight;
(C)faults in the turn;
(D)climbing turns;
(E)descending turns;
(F)turns onto selected headings, use of gyro heading indicator and compass;
(G)use of instruments for precision.
(xiii)Exercise 11: Hovering: hovering manoeuvres (as applicable);
(xiv)Exercise 12a: Approach and landing:
(A)effect of wind on approach and touchdown speeds;
(B)landing with different static heaviness;
(C)missed approach and go-around procedures;
(D)noise abatement procedures.
(xv)Exercise 12b: Emergencies:
(A)aborted approach or go-around;
(B)malfunction of thrust vector control;
(C)envelope emergencies;
(D)fire emergencies;
(E)aerodynamic control failures;
(F)electrical and system failures.
(xvi)Exercise 13: Precautionary landing:
(A)occasions necessitating;
(B)in-flight conditions;
(C)landing area selection;
(D)circuit and approach;
(E)actions after landing;
(xvii)Exercise 14a: Navigation:
(A)flight planning:
(a)weather forecast and actuals;
(b)map selection and preparation:
(1)choice of route;
(2)airspace structure;
(3)sensitive areas;
(4)safety altitudes.
(c)calculations:
(1)magnetic heading(s) and time(s) en-route;
(2)fuel consumption;
(3)mass and balance;
(4)performance.
(d)flight information:
(1)NOTAMs etc.;
(2)radio frequencies;
(3)selection of alternate aerodromes.
(e)airship documentation;
(f)notification of the flight:
(1)pre-flight administrative procedures;
(2)flight plan form.
(B)departure:
(a)organisation of cockpit workload;
(b)departure procedures:
(1)altimeter settings;
(2)ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace;
(3)setting heading procedure;
(4)noting of ETAs.
(c)maintenance of altitude and heading;
(d)revisions of ETA and heading;
(e)log keeping;
(f)use of radio;
(g)use of navaids;
(h)minimum weather conditions for continuation of flight;
(i)in-flight decisions;
(j)transiting controlled or regulated airspace;
(k)diversion procedures;
(l)uncertainty of position procedure;
(m)lost procedure.
(C)arrival, aerodrome joining procedure:
(a)ATC liaison in controlled or regulated airspace;
(b)altimeter setting;
(c)entering the traffic pattern;
(d)circuit procedures;
(e)parking or on masting;
(f)security of airship;
(g)refuelling;
(h)closing of flight plan, if appropriate;
(i)post-flight administrative procedures. (xviii) Exercise 14b: Navigation problems at lower levels and in reduced visibility:
(A)actions before descending;
(B)hazards (for example obstacles, and terrain);
(C)difficulties of map reading;
(D)effects of winds, turbulence and precipitation;
(E)vertical situational awareness;
(F)avoidance of noise sensitive areas;
(G)joining the circuit;
(H)bad weather circuit and landing.
(xix)Exercise 14c: Radio navigation:
(A)use of GNSS
(a)selection of waypoints;
(b)to or from indications and orientation;
(c)error messages.
(B)use of VHF omni range (if applicable):
(a)availability, AIP and frequencies;
(b)selection and identification;
(c)OBS;
(d)to or from indications and orientation;
(e)CDI;
(f)determination of radial;
(g)intercepting and maintaining a radial;
(h)VOR passage;
(i)obtaining a fix from two VORs.
(C)use of ADF equipment: NDBs (if applicable):
(a)availability, AIP and frequencies;
(b)selection and identification;
(c)orientation relative to the beacon;
(d)homing.
(D)use of VHF/DF:
(a)availability, AIP and frequencies;
(b)R/T procedures and ATC liaison;
(c)obtaining a QDM and homing.
(E)use of en-route or terminal radar:
(a)availability and AIP;
(b)procedures and ATC liaison;
(c)pilot’s responsibilities;
(d)secondary surveillance radar:
(1)transponders;
(2)code selection;
(3)interrogation and reply.
(F)use of DME (if applicable);
(a)station selection and identification;
(b)modes of operation: distance, groundspeed and time to run.
(xx)Exercise 15: Basic instrument flight:
(A)physiological sensations;
(B)instrument appreciation: attitude instrument flight;
(C)instrument limitations;
(D)basic manoeuvres:
(a)straight and level;
(b)climbing and descending;
(c)turns, climbing and descending, onto selected headings;
(d)recoveries from climbing and descending turns.
(d)BITD
(1)A BITD may be used for flight training for:
(i)flight by reference solely to instruments;
(ii)navigation using radio navigation aids;
(iii)basic instrument flight.
(2)The use of the BITD should be subject to the following:
(i)the training should be complemented by exercises on an airship;
(ii)the record of the parameters of the flight must be available; and an FI(As) should conduct the instruction.