GM1 Article 3(15) Definitions

AIRCRAFT PUSHBACK

(a)Nosegearcontrolled pushback includes either the towbar method, where the rearward movement and steering of the aircraft are controlled by a vehicle and towbar attached to the nose gear, or the towbarless method, where a vehicle is attached directly to the nose gear.

(b)Maingearcontrolled pushback involves using a vehicle that grasps the aircraft’s maingear tyres to provide rearward movement, while directional control is provided from the flight deck using the nosewheel steering system.