AMCAcceptable means of compliance
AMC1 ATCO.D.010(a)(1)Composition of initial training – Basic training
SUBJECT 7: HUMAN FACTORS The subject objective is: Learners shall characterise factors which affect personal and team performance. [applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 1 — INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN FACTORS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 1.1 — Learning techniques | |||
| BASIC HUMB 1.1.1 | Appreciate appropriate learning techniques. | 3 | How the influence of interactive techniques can lead to improved learning |
| Subtopic HUMB 1.2 — Relevance of human factors for ATC | |||
| BASIC HUMB 1.2.1 | Explain the relevance and importance of human factors. | 2 | Historical background, safety impact on ATM, licensing requirements, incidents |
| Subtopic HUMB 1.3 — Human factors and ATC | |||
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.1 | Define human factors. | 1 | Optional content: ICAO Human Factors Training Manual |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.2 | Explain the relationship between human factors and the aviation environment. | 2 | Optional content: ICAO Human Factors Training Manual, visits to the simulator and operational room, SHELL model, PEAR model |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.3 | Explain the concept of systems. | 2 | People, procedures, equipment |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.4 | Explain ATM in systems terms. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.5 | Explain the consequences of a system failure in ATS. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.6 | Explain the need for matching human and equipment. | 2 | Optional content: ICAO Human Factors Training Manual |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.7 | Explain the information requirement of ATC. | 2 | Relevant, timely, accurate |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.8 | Describe the role of the human in the evolution of ATC. | 2 | Optional content: history of ATC, airspace, communications, radar, advanced ATS systems, the future of ATC |
| BASIC HUMB 1.3.9 | Explain the importance of situational awareness for decision-making. | 2 | |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 1 — INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN PERFORMANCE | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 1.1 — Relevance of human factors to ATC | |||
| BASIC HUMB 1.1.1 | Define human factors. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 1.1.2 | Define human performance. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 1.1.3 | Explain the relevance of human factors to ATM. | 2 | Historical background, safety impact on ATM, licensing requirements, incidents |
| BASIC HUMB 1.1.4 | Recognise the evolution of human performance during an ATCO’s career. | 2 | Optional content: Regulation (EU) 2015/340; experience; initial, unit, continuation and development training |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 2 — HUMAN PERFORMANCE | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 2.1 — Individual behaviour | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.1 | Explain the differences and commonalities that exist among people. | 2 | Optional content: attitude, cultural, language |
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.2 | Explain the dangers of boredom. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.3 | Explain the dangers of overconfidence and complacency. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.4 | Explain the dangers of fatigue. | 2 | Sleep disturbance, heavy workload |
| Subtopic HUMB 2.2 — Safety culture and professional conduct | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.1 | Characterise the role of air traffic controller for positive safety culture. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.2 | Describe the need for professional standards in ATC. | 2 | Optional content: adherence to rules and regulations, etc. |
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.3 | Appreciate the needed basic professional attitude appropriate to a high level of safety. | 3 | Optional content: punctuality, rigour, adherence to rules, teamwork attitude |
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.4 | Describe the impact of responsibility on controllers’ action(s). | 2 | Responsibility as a guidance for appropriate action |
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.5 | Recognise the different responsibilities of a controller. | 1 | Prospective and retrospective responsibility, guilt and obligation, types of responsibility (moral, welfare, legal, task, role responsibility, etc.) |
| Subtopic HUMB 2.3 — Health and well-being | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.3.1 | Consider the effect of health on performance. | 2 | Optional content: fitness, diet, drugs, alcohol |
| Subtopic HUMB 2.4 — Teamwork | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.4.1 | Describe the differences between social human relations and professional interactions. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 2.4.2 | Describe the different types and characters in a team. | 2 | Optional content: leader, follower |
| BASIC HUMB 2.4.3 | Appreciate the principles of teamwork. | 3 | Optional content: team membership, group dynamics, advantages/ disadvantages of teamwork, conflicts and their solutions |
| BASIC HUMB 2.4.4 | Describe leader style and group interaction. | 2 | |
| Subtopic HUMB 2.5 — Basic needs of people at work | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.5.1 | List basic needs of people at work. | 1 | Optional content: balance between individual ability and workload, working time and rest periods; adequate physical working conditions, positive working environment |
| BASIC HUMB 2.5.2 | Characterise the factors of work satisfaction. | 2 | Optional content: money, achievement, recognition, advancement, challenge |
| Subtopic HUMB 2.6 — Stress | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.6.1 | Define stress. | 1 | Stress definition Optional content: EATCHIP Human Factors Module — Stress |
| BASIC HUMB 2.6.2 | Describe stress symptoms and sources. | 2 | Behavioural changes, lifestyle changes, physical symptoms, crisis events, main causes of stress Optional content: EATCHIP Human Factors Module — Stress |
| BASIC HUMB 2.6.3 | Describe the stages of stress. | 2 | Stress performance curve Optional content: EATCHIP Human Factors Module — Stress |
| BASIC HUMB 2.6.4 | Appreciate techniques for stress management. | 3 | Optional content: relaxation techniques, diet and lifestyle, exercise, EATCHIP Human Factors Module — Stress |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 2 — HEALTH AND WELL-BEING | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 2.1 — Fitness for duty | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.1 | Recognise the effect of health and well-being on fitness for duty. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.2 | List the reasons for provisional inability to exercise the privileges of the ATCO licence. | 1 | Regulation (EU) 2015/340 |
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.3 | Recognise signs of lack of personal fitness. | 1 | Cognitive and physical fitness |
| BASIC HUMB 2.1.4 | Describe good practices that contribute to maintaining fitness for duty. | 2 | Optional content: fitness, diet |
| Subtopic HUMB 2.2 — Stress and fatigue | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.1 | Define stress. | 1 | Regulation (EU) 2017/373 |
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.2 | Define fatigue. | 1 | Regulation (EU) 2017/373 |
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.3 | Differentiate between stress and fatigue. | 2 | ICAO Doc 9966 |
| BASIC HUMB 2.2.4 | Explain the causal factors of stress and fatigue. | 2 | Optional content: EUROCONTROL Fatigue and sleep management |
| Subtopic HUMB 2.3 — Substance use and responsibility | |||
| BASIC HUMB 2.3.1 | Define psychoactive substance. | 1 | Regulation (EU) 2017/373 |
| BASIC HUMB 2.3.2 | Explain the effect of psychoactive substance use on the individual and on safety. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 2.3.3 | Describe individual responsibility in terms of psychoactive substance use. | 2 | Regulation (EU) 2017/373 |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 3 — HUMAN ERROR | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 3.1 — Dangers of error | |||
| BASIC HUMB 3.1.1 | Recognise the dangers of error in ATC. | 1 | Optional content: Air Traffic Control — Human Performance Factors (Anne Isaac, 1999), Human Factors in Air Traffic Control (V. David Hopkin, 1995) |
| Subtopic HUMB 3.2 — Definition of human error | |||
| BASIC HUMB 3.2.1 | Define human error. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 3.2.2 | Describe the factors which contribute to cause error. | 2 | Fatigue, lack of skill, misunderstanding, multitasking, lack of information, distraction, lack of work satisfaction |
| Subtopic HUMB 3.3 — Classification of human error | |||
| BASIC HUMB 3.3.1 | State the types of errors. | 1 | Optional content: slips, lapses, mistakes |
| BASIC HUMB 3.3.2 | Define violations. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 3.3.3 | Differentiate between errors and violations of rules. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 3.3.4 | Describe the three levels of performance according to the Rasmussen model. | 2 | Skill based, knowledge based, rule based |
| Subtopic HUMB 3.4 — Risk analysis and risk management | |||
| BASIC HUMB 3.4.1 | Describe risk analysis and risk management of human systems and error. | 2 | Active failures and latent conditions Optional content: Reason model, HFACS (Human Factors Analysis & Classification System) model, Heinrich Theory |
| BASIC HUMB 3.4.2 | Apply one risk analysis model on error during a case study. | 3 | |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 3 — HUMAN PERFORMANCE | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 3.1 — Individual behaviour | |||
| BASIC HUMB 3.1.1 | Define human behaviour. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 3.1.2 | Explain the differences and commonalities that exist among people. | 2 | Optional content: attitude, cultural, language, motivation |
| BASIC HUMB 3.1.3 | Describe the reasons for complacency and the associated effects. | 2 | Safety, working relationship — team |
| BASIC HUMB 3.1.4 | Describe the reasons for overconfidence and the associated effects. | 2 | Safety, working relationship — team |
| BASIC HUMB 3.1.5 | Explain the dangers of boredom. | 2 | |
| Subtopic HUMB 3.2 — Safety culture and professional conduct | |||
| BASIC HUMB 3.2.1 | Recognise professional conduct in the workplace. | 1 | Optional content: professionalism, attitude, communication, teamwork |
| BASIC HUMB 3.2.2 | Describe how the air traffic controller contributes to a positive safety culture. | 2 | Optional content: attitude towards safety, punctuality, rigour, adherence to rules and regulations, teamwork attitude, etc. |
| BASIC HUMB 3.2.3 | Consider the factors which influence responsible behaviour. | 2 | Optional content: situation, team, personal situation and judgement, instance of justification, moral motivation, personality |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 4 — COMMUNICATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 4.1 — Importance of good communication in ATC | |||
| BASIC HUMB 4.1.1 | Appreciate the importance of good communication in ATC. | 3 | |
| Subtopic HUMB 4.2 — Communication process | |||
| BASIC HUMB 4.2.1 | Define communication. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 4.2.2 | Define the communication process. | 1 | Optional content: sender, encoder, transmitter, signal, interference, reception, decoder, receiver, feedback |
| Subtopic HUMB 4.3 — Communication modes | |||
| BASIC HUMB 4.3.1 | Describe the factors which affect verbal communication. | 2 | Optional content: word choice, intonation, speed, tone, distortion, load, expectation, noise, interruption, language knowledge (i.e. accent, dialect, vocabulary) |
| BASIC HUMB 4.3.2 | Describe the factors which affect non-verbal communication. | 2 | Optional content: touch, choice, expectation, noise, interruption |
| BASIC HUMB 4.3.3 | Apply good communication practices. | 3 | Speaking and listening |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 4 — HUMAN ERROR | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 4.1 — Definition of human error | |||
| BASIC HUMB 4.1.1 | Define human error. | 1 | |
| Subtopic HUMB 4.2 — Classification of human error | |||
| BASIC HUMB 4.2.1 | List the types of errors. | 1 | Optional content: slips, lapses, mistakes |
| BASIC HUMB 4.2.2 | Describe the factors which contribute to the occurrence of different types of errors and how these may be reduced. | 2 | Fatigue, lack of skill, misunderstanding, multitasking, lack of information, distraction, lack of work satisfaction |
| BASIC HUMB 4.2.3 | Define violations. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 4.2.4 | Differentiate between errors and violations of rules and their consequences for the controller. | 2 | |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 5 — THE WORK ENVIRONMENT | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 5.1 — Ergonomics and the need for good design | |||
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.1 | Define ergonomics. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.2 | Recognise the need for good building design. | 1 | Optional content: light, insulation, decor, space, facilities |
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.3 | Explain the need for good work position design. | 2 | Optional content: anthropometry (seating, workstation design, input device, etc.) |
| Subtopic HUMB 5.2 — Equipment and tools | |||
| BASIC HUMB 5.2.1 | Characterise the equipment and tools that will be used in simulation in accordance with the SHELL model. | 2 | The physical environment, visual displays, suites, input devices, communications equipment, console profile and layout |
| Subtopic HUMB 5.3 — Automation | |||
| BASIC HUMB 5.3.1 | Explain the reasons for automation. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 5.3.2 | Describe the advantages and constraints of automation. | 2 | |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 5 — TEAMWORK | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 5.1 — Teamwork and team roles | |||
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.1 | Define teamwork. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.2 | Describe the differences between social human relations and professional interactions. | 2 | |
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.3 | Explain the different types of teams in the ATC environment. | 2 | Optional content: executive/planner, shift team, sector group or ATC unit team, team with pilots, team with adjacent ATC units |
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.4 | Recognise the different types, roles and characters in a team | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 5.1.5 | Characterise the principles of teamwork. | 2 | Optional content: team membership, team roles, group dynamics, advantages/disadvantages of teamwork, conflicts and their solutions |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUMB 6 — COMMUNICATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUMB 6.1 — Communication in ATC | |||
| BASIC HUMB 6.1.1 | Define communication. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 6.1.2 | List an ATCO’s communication partners. | 1 | |
| BASIC HUMB 6.1.3 | Explain good communication practices. | 2 | Speaking and listening |
| BASIC HUMB 6.1.4 | Differentiate between hearing and listening. | 2 | |
| Subtopic HUMB 6.2 — Communication modes | |||
| BASIC HUMB 6.2.1 | Describe the factors which affect verbal communication. | 2 | Optional content: word choice, intonation, speed, tone, distortion, load, expectation, noise, interruption, language competence |
| BASIC HUMB 6.2.2 | Describe the factors which affect non-verbal communication. | 2 | Optional content: touch, choice, expectation, noise, interruption |
| BASIC HUMB 6.2.3 | Describe misunderstandings that may arise during a controller’s communication. | 2 | |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
AMC · AMC1 ATCO.D.010(a)(1) — Regulation (EU) 2015/340 · ED Decision 2023/011/R · ATCO Easy Access Rules · EAR revision 14 Jun 2024