ORO.FC.146 Personnel providing training, checking and assessment

PERSONNEL CONDUCTING TRAINING AND CHECKING — GENERAL Training and checking should be provided by the following personnel:

(a)Ground and refresher training by suitably qualified personnel;

(b)Emergency and safety equipment training and checking by suitably qualified personnel as specified in the operator’s manual;

(c)CRM

(1)Integration of CRM elements into the different phases of training by all the personnel conducting the training, as per AMC1 and AMC2 ORO.FC.115.

(2)The operator should ensure that all personnel conducting such training are suitably qualified to integrate elements of CRM into this training.

(3)Classroom CRM training by at least one CRM trainer, qualified as specified in AMC2 ORO.FC.146 who may be assisted by experts in order to address specific areas.

FLIGHT CREW CRM TRAINER

(a)Applicability The provisions described herein:

(1)should be fulfilled by flight crew CRM trainers responsible for classroom CRM training; and

(2)are not applicable to:

(i)instructors, holding a certificate in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011, when conducting CRM training in the operational environment; and

(ii)trainers or instructors when conducting training other than CRM training, but integrating CRM elements into this training.

(b)Qualification of a flight crew CRM trainer

(1)Prerequisites. A flight crew CRM trainer should:

(i)have adequate knowledge of human performance and limitations (HPL), whilst:

(A)having obtained a commercial pilot licence in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011; or

(B)having followed a theoretical HPL course covering the whole syllabus of the HPL examination;

(ii)have completed flight crew initial operator’s CRM training;

(iii)have received training in group facilitation skills; except for instructors holding a certificate in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011.

(2)In order to qualify as flight crew CRM trainer, a person meeting the prerequisites should:

(i)have adequate knowledge of the relevant flight operations at one operator, in accordance with (d);

(ii)receive the initial training in accordance with (c)(3); and

(iii)be assessed by that operator in accordance with (f).

(3)In order to act as flight crew CRM trainer at an operator, a qualified and current flight crew CRM trainer should meet one of the following conditions:

(i)have adequate knowledge of the relevant flight operations at that operator, in accordance with (d); or

(ii)be part of a team of trainers in accordance with (e).

(4)The period of validity of the flight crew CRM trainer qualification should be 3 years.

(5)Recency and renewal of the flight crew CRM trainer qualification

(i)The flight crew CRM trainer should complete CRM trainer refresher training within the last 12 months of the 3-year validity period; and

(ii)The flight crew CRM trainer should meet one or both of the following conditions:

(A)conduct at least 3 CRM training events within the 3-year validity period;

(B)be assessed within the last 12 months of the 3-year validity period in accordance with (f); and

(iii)If the flight crew CRM trainer qualification has expired, it can be renewed if all of the conditions below are met. The validity should be 3 years after completion of (A) and (C) below, whichever comes first:

(A)complete CRM trainer refresher training;

(B)receive refresher training on knowledge of the relevant flight operations, as necessary;

(C)be assessed in accordance with (f).

(c)Training of flight crew CRM trainer

(1)If the operator trains flight crew CRM trainers, the training syllabi should be described in the operations manual. The operator should ensure that the initial and refresher training of the flight crew CRM trainers are conducted by flight crew CRM trainers with a minimum of 3 years of experience.

(2)Training of flight crew CRM trainers should be both theoretical and practical. Practical elements should include the development of specific trainer skills, particularly the integration of CRM into line operations.

(3)The initial training of flight crew CRM trainers should include the following:

(i)introduction to CRM training and competencies for CRM trainers:

(A)ability to interact with and manage a group;

(B)ability to pre-plan an objective and timely training session;

(C)ability to deliver a good balance of ‘telling’, ‘selling’ and ‘facilitating’;

(D)ability to connect realistically poor and good CRM to the operations;

(E)ability to assess the performance, the progress and needs of trainees in a meaningfully way;

(ii)operator’s management system as defined in point (a)(7) of AMC1 ORO.FC.115; and

(iii)characteristics of the flight crew CRM training as defined in Table 1 of AMC1 ORO.FC.115 and its integration into line operations:

(A)the different types of CRM trainings (initial, recurrent, etc.);

(B)combined training; and

(C)training related to the type of aircraft or operation. Instructors holding a certificate in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 may be credited towards (i) and (ii) if they have completed the refresher training defined in (4).

(4)The refresher training of flight crew CRM trainers should include new methodologies, procedures and lessons learned, as well as additional topics such as the following:

(i)Group facilitation skills including team dynamics, moderation skills and use of questions

(ii)Course preparation, defining objectives and selecting methods to best convey knowledge (e.g. lecture, group work, case analysis, gamification, scenario-based training, individual research)

(iii)Safety culture and management systems

(iv)An example of an analysis of CRM factors in an accident or serious incident.

(v)New developments or research in human factors and CRM

(vi)TEM principles and their practical implementation in normal operations

(5)Instructors, holding a certificate in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011, who are also CRM trainers, may combine the CRM trainer refresher training with instructor refresher training if the instructor refresher training meets all of the conditions defined in (4).

(6)Instructors for other-than complex motor-powered aeroplanes should be qualified as flight crew CRM trainers for this aircraft category with no additional training, as specified in (3) and (4) when:

(i)holding a certificate in accordance with Commission Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011; and

(ii)fulfilling the provisions of (b)(2) or (b)(5).

(d)Knowledge of the relevant flight operations

(1)The operator should evaluate the experience and knowledge of the flight crew CRM trainer. The evaluation of the operator should include at least:

(i)the operational experience of the flight crew CRM trainer as a flight crew member;

(ii)whether this experience as a flight crew member or a former flight crew member covers the aircraft category, the aircraft generation and the form of operations, as relevant to the operator.

(2)If the flight crew CRM trainer does not have the relevant knowledge of the relevant flight operation based on the evaluation in (1), the operator should provide training to the flight crew CRM trainer to provide the adequate knowledge.

(3)The operator should describe the assessment and training in the operations manual.

(e)Team of CRM trainers If the flight crew CRM trainer is qualified in accordance with (b) but does not meet the conditions defined in (d), he or she may be assisted by a training assistant that has the knowledge of the relevant flight operations. The operator should ensure that all the following conditions are met:

(1)The training assistant should meet the condition defined in (c) but needs not meet the conditions defined in (b). The training assistant should be an instructor or have experience in ground training.

(2)The flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant should prepare the training session together and adapt it to the operational needs of the operator.

(3)If the flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant have already provided training for the operator or for a similar operator, the operator may determine that condition (2) is met.

(4)The flight crew CRM trainer and the training assistant should provide the training together.

(5)The flight crew CRM trainer remains responsible for the training.

(f)Assessment of a flight crew CRM trainer

(1)The operator should ensure that the process for the assessment is included in the operations manual describing methods for observing, recording, interpreting and debriefing the flight crew CRM trainer. All personnel involved in the assessment must be credible and competent in their role.

(2)The assessment should enable the flight crew CRM trainer to demonstrate the knowledge and ability to train the CRM training elements in the non-operational environment. Special attention should be given to fields such as group management, group dynamics and personal awareness.

(3)The initial assessment of a flight crew CRM trainer by the operator may take place when conducting their first CRM training course.

(4)The assessment of flight crew CRM trainers should be conducted by flight crew CRM trainers with a minimum of 3 years of experience.

(g)The operator should only select a qualified and current flight crew CRM trainer meeting the conditions defined in (d) or (e).

PERSONNEL PROVIDING AIRCRAFT/FSTD TRAINING AND CONDUCTING OPERATOR PROFICIENCY CHECKING AND THAT ARE QUALIFIED UNDER ANNEX I (PART-FCL) TO REGULATION (EU) No 1178/2011 Training and checking should be provided by the following personnel:

(a)Flight training by a type rating instructor (TRI) or class rating instructor (CRI), flight instructor (FI) or, in the case of the FSTD content, a synthetic flight instructor (SFI). For CAT operations with aeroplanes and helicopters and, if applicable, for IAM operations with VCA, the FI, TRI, CRI or SFI should satisfy the operator’s experience and knowledge requirements sufficiently to instruct on aircraft systems and operational procedures and requirements.

(b)Operator proficiency check by a type rating examiner (TRE), class rating examiner (CRE) or, if the check is conducted in an FSTD, a synthetic flight examiner (SFE). The TRE, CRE or SFE should be trained in CRM concepts and the assessment of CRM skills.

(c)For aircraft/FSTD training, line flying under supervision, operator proficiency checks and line checks, if the training or checking includes multi-pilot operations in helicopters, in addition to (a) and (b) the personnel conducting training or checking should have 350 hours flying experience in multi-pilot operations.

(d)In the case of CAT operations in helicopters, the 350 hours flying experience in multi-pilot operations defined in (c) may be reduced on an individual basis, as part of the approval of the training and checking programmes. The operator may apply for such a reduced flying experience based on the unavailability of experienced pilots in both multi-pilot operations and in their types of operations. A FI/TRI/SFI rating and MCC training in helicopters should be a prerequisite for any reduced flying experience in multi-pilot operations. In addition, the operator should define mitigation measures after having performed a risk assessment. The following should be taken into account:

(1)flying experience criteria in single-pilot operations in the types of operations;

(2)any other training, checking, recency and experience criteria;

(3)robustness and maturity of multi-pilot SOPs.

(e)In the case of training and checking towards the relevant aspects associated with a specialised operation, points (j)(2) to (j)(4) of AMC1 ORO.FC.146(e);(f)&(g) should apply.

EBT INSTRUCTOR — INITIAL STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME

(a)Before delivering the operator’s EBT programme, the instructor should complete an EBT instructor initial standardisation programme composed of:

(1)EBT instructor training; and

(2)EBT assessment of competence.

EBT INSTRUCTOR TRAINING

(b)The EBT instructor training course should be delivered by at least one pilot who is or has been an EBT instructor, and who has demonstrated proficiency to train the elements specified in point (c) below.

(c)The EBT instructor training course should comprise theoretical and practical training. At the completion of EBT instructor training, the instructor should:

(1)have knowledge of EBT, including the following underlying principles:

(i)competency-based training;

(ii)learning from positive performance;

(iii)building resilience; and

(iv)data-driven training;

(2)demonstrate knowledge of the structure of an EBT module;

(3)demonstrate knowledge of the method of training delivery for each phase of an EBT module;

(4)demonstrate knowledge of the principles of adult learning and how they relate to EBT;

(5)conduct objective observations based on a competency framework, and document evidence of observed performance;

(6)relate specific performance observations of competencies;

(7)analyse trainee performance to determine competency-based training needs and recognise strengths;

(8)evaluate performance using a competency-based grading system;

(9)apply appropriate teaching styles during simulator training to accommodate trainee learning needs;

(10)facilitate trainee learning, focusing on specific competency-based training needs; and

(11)conduct a debrief using facilitation techniques.

(d)An instructor may be given credits for parts of point (c) if the instructor has demonstrated competencies in those topics.

EBT ASSESSMENT OF COMPETENCE

(e)Prior to conducting assessment and training within an EBT programme, the EBT instructor should complete an EBT assessment of competence where the EBT instructor delivers:

(1)an evaluation phase (EVAL) and a manoeuvres training phase (MT); or

(2)a scenario-based training phase (SBT).

(f)The assessment of competence has a validity period of 3 years.

(g)The EBT assessment of competence should be conducted by a person nominated by the operator, who:

(1)is qualified in accordance with Annex I (Part-FCL) to Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 to conduct an assessment of competence; and

(2)has completed the EBT instructor standardisation.

(h)The EBT assessment of competence may be combined with the assessment of competence required in Annex I (Part-FCL) to Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011.

EBT INSTRUCTOR — RECURRENT STANDARDISATION PROGRAMME The EBT instructor should:

(a)conduct six EVAL or SBT phases of an EBT module (or a combination of both) every 36 months. One of the EVAL or SBT should take place in the period of 12 months immediately preceding the expiry date. The 36-month period should be counted from the end of the month the module was taken. If this has not been fulfilled, the EBT instructor should complete an EBT assessment of competence. When the module is undertaken within the last 12 months of the validity period, the new period should be counted from the original expiry date;

(b)receive annual recurrent standardisation. The recurrent standardisation should include:

(1)refresher EBT training; and

(2)concordance training; and

(c)complete an EBT assessment of competence every 3 years. When the assessment of competence is conducted within the 12 months preceding the expiry date, the next assessment of competence should be completed within 36 calendar months of the original expiry date of the previous assessment of competence.

EBT INSTRUCTOR — INITIAL STANDARDISATION

(a)The intent of the practical training is to ensure that EBT instructors have exposure to assessment of performance and root cause identification within an EBT programme.

(b)EBT instructors receive practical assistance and guidance during standardisation in order to apply the learning from EBT instructor training. In particular, the focus should be on assessment of performance and the determination of root cause for remediation, plus facilitated debriefing based on root cause as a learning objective.

(c)The pilot delivering the training may be supported by a subject matter expert (or experts). The personnel providing the EBT training is selected by the operator to assess the instructor capability in delivering EBT and provide effective feedback in order that instructor practice meets the expectations of the operator.

(d)Practical EBT training includes the learning objective ‘Evaluate performance using a competency-based grading system’. This may be done with videos and other multimedia. It means that EBT instructors are exposed to:

(1)different levels of pilot performance. This enables EBT instructors to distinguish between pilots performing lower than the minimum acceptable level of performance (e.g. grade 1) and those whose performance is at an acceptable level in all competencies (e.g. grade 2). This EBT training may also include other performance examples (e.g. 3, 4 and 5); and

(2)different scenarios (e.g. complex to less complex) so that the instructor has exposure to assessments of competency in varying EBT scenarios.

(e)The EBT instructor training course may be a minimum of 14 hours (EBT instructor training alone) and the recommended length is between 21 to 24 hours (EBT instructor training plus assessment of competence).

EBT INSTRUCTOR — RECURRENT STANDARDISATION

(a)Refresher EBT training The intent of this training is to provide the framework for existing instructors to develop their competence to conduct EBT. Further guidance can be found in the EASA EBT manual.

(b)Concordance training This training is one of the elements to ensure concordance within the EBT instructor community. Those EBT instructors who do not demonstrate concordance may require further training. The operator’s instructor standardisation and concordance assurance programme provides insight in the areas that an instructor (or instructor population) requires concordance training. As such, concordance training varies in content and scale depending on the need for concordance improvement. Instructor concordance training may include candidates grading the same controlled content (e.g. a video or paper case) followed by:

(1)a subsequent comparison of intra-group variance; and

(2)alignment of root-cause analyses between instructors.

EBT INSTRUCTOR COMPETENCY FRAMEWORK

1 For ground instructors, some competencies may not apply. For the instructor assessment of competence, these competencies may not be observed. A review of the records of the instructor may be sufficient.

The recommended competency assessment grading system methodology for instructor competencies should be the same as the one used for pilots. This is the Venn model. More information can be found in ORO.FC.231 point (d)(1) and the related AMC and GM, as well as in the EASA EBT manual.

SUITABLY QUALIFIED PIC OR COMMANDER NOMINATED BY THE OPERATOR — GENERAL

(a)The nominated PIC/commander conducting training should either be qualified as an instructor under Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 or receive training which should cover at least:

(1)techniques of briefing and debriefing;

(2)CRM concepts and CRM assessment;

(3)for SPO with aeroplanes or helicopters, which manoeuvres the nominated PIC/commander should not train or check unless qualified as an instructor.

(b)In addition, the nominated PIC/commander conducting operator proficiency checks or line checks should either be qualified as an examiner under Regulation (EU) No 1178/2011 or receive additional training which should cover at least:

(1)how to perform a check;

(2)flight techniques applicable to checks performed in flight;

(3)the assessment of CRM skills.

(c)The nominated PIC/commander conducting aircraft/FSTD training, line flying under supervision, operator proficiency checks or line checks taking place under multi-pilot operations in helicopters should have 350 hours flying experience in multi-pilot operations.

(d)The nominated PICs/commanders, or the criteria for nominating PICs/commanders, should be included in the operations manual.

(e)The nominated PIC/commander should be type rated or class rated in the type or class where he or she provides the training, checking or assessment. CAT OPERATIONS WITH AEROPLANES AND HELICOPTERS AND IAM OPERATIONS WITH VCA — SUITABLY QUALIFIED PIC OR COMMANDER OR INSTRUCTOR NOMINATED BY THE OPERATOR

(f)For CAT operations with aeroplanes or helicopters under VFR by day, the minimum experience of the nominated commander should be more than 750 hours total flight time with at least 50 hours on the type, class or the aircraft variant obtained in flight operations.

(fa)For IAM operations with VCA, the minimum experience of the nominated PIC should be more than 350 hours total flight time with at least 25 hours on the type or the VCA variant, obtained in flight operations.

(g)For CAT operations with performance class B aeroplanes under night VFR or under IFR, the minimum experience of the nominated commander should be more than 1 000 hours total flight time with at least 100 hours on the type, class or the aircraft variant, obtained in flight operations.

(h)In the case of CAT operations with helicopters, the 350 hours flying experience in multi-pilot operations defined in point (c) may be reduced on an individual basis, as part of the approval of the training and checking programmes. The operator may apply for such a reduced flying experience based on the unavailability of experienced pilots in both multi-pilot operations and in their types of operations. An FI/TRI/SFI rating and MCC training in helicopters should be a prerequisite for any reduced flying experience in multi-pilot operations. In addition, the operator should define mitigation measures after having performed a risk assessment. The following should be taken into account:

(1)flying experience criteria in single-pilot operations in the types of operations;

(2)any other training, checking, recency and experience criteria; and

(3)robustness and maturity of multi-pilot SOPs.

(i)Points ORO.FC.220(f) and ORO.FC.420(e) allow the operator to develop a specific conversion course to address an operational circumstance, when the operator intends to have pilots temporally joining the operator to conduct line checks. The content of the specific operator’s conversion course is included in AMC1 ORO.FC.220(f) or in AMC1 ORO.FC.420(e), as applicable SPO — SUITABLY QUALIFIED PIC OR INSTRUCTOR NOMINATED BY THE OPERATOR

(j)For SPO, the person conducting the aircraft/FSTD training and the operator proficiency check should meet the following criteria:

(1)Training and checking covering normal, abnormal and emergency procedures relevant to the type or variant should be conducted in accordance with AMC1 ORO.FC.146(b).

(2)Training and checking covering the relevant aspects associated with HEC and HESLO should be conducted by a HEC or HESLO instructor as defined in AMC1 SPO.SPEC.HEC.100 and AMC1 SPO.SPEC.HESLO.100.

(3)Training and checking covering the relevant aspects associated with a specialised operation other than HEC and HESLO should be conducted by a nominated PIC with the following flight experience:

(i)at least 750 hours total flight time with at least 50 hours on the type, class or aircraft variant;

(ii)for specialised operations other than HEC and HESLO, either:

(A)at least 350 hours in the applicable specialised operation; or

(B)800 hours in specialised operations and the number of hours in the applicable specialised operation as defined by the operator, based on a risk assessment, taking into account the complexity of the relevant aspects associated with the applicable specialised operation. Flight experience in HHO, firefighting flight experience and flight experience in the search component of search and rescue flights may be credited towards the 800 hours in specialised operations. In addition, up to 200 hours of experience in CAT operations (other than HHO) may be credited towards the 800 hours in specialised operations.

(4)In addition to (2) and (3) above, flight training and checking of sensitive type-related manoeuvres in combination with the training and checking of the relevant aspects associated with a specialised task, should be conducted by a qualified instructor.

(k)In addition to (j) above, if the SPO operator combines the operator proficiency check with a licence proficiency check, the person conducting the check should meet the requirements for licence proficiency checks.