EASA Certification Specifications and ETSO
How EASA builds a type-certification basis from certification specifications, and how an ETSO authorisation is issued.
Dionysis Kefalas4 min readFor Part-21 and CAMO staff
Part 2 of 6 in EASA Part-21 Initial Airworthiness Show parts
Quotes checked on against EASA Easy Access Rules for Initial Airworthiness and Environmental Protection (Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, Part-21) — 27 Nov 2025 revision.
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The standards behind the certificate
A type certificate is an approval against a standard. Part-21 does not set out that technical standard line by line. The standard is a certification specification, and the point below is how the Agency builds it into a type-certification basis. A separate route, an ETSO authorisation, covers an article against the technical conditions of an ETSO.
The type-certification basis
The Agency shall establish the type-certification basis and notify it to the applicant for a type-certificate or a restricted type-certificate. The type-certification basis shall consist of:
(a)the certification specifications for airworthiness designated by the Agency for the product, the UAS or the CMU, as applicable on the date of application for that certificate and any special condition prescribed by the Agency in accordance with point 21.B.75(a), unless:
1.the applicant chooses to comply, or is required to comply in accordance with point 21.A.15(f), with certification specifications which became applicable after the date of the application; If an applicant chooses to comply with a certification specification which became applicable after the date of the application, the Agency shall include in the type-certification basis any other certification specification that is directly related; or
2.the Agency accepts any alternative to a designated certification specification that cannot be complied with, for which compensating factors have been found that provide an equivalent level of safety; or
3.the Agency accepts or prescribes other means that:
(i)in the case of a type-certificate, demonstrate compliance with the essential requirements of Annex II and, where applicable, of Annex IX to Regulation (EU) 2018/1139; or
(ii)in the case of a restricted type-certificate, provide a level of safety adequate with regard to the intended use; and
(b)Reserved.
Quoted word for word from Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, Easy Access Rules for Initial Airworthiness, 27 Nov 2025 revision.
The Agency designates the certification specifications for airworthiness applicable on the date of application, and any special condition prescribed under point 21.B.75(a). The same point then sets the departures from that basis. How compliance with that basis is shown, and what the type certificate then includes, is the type certification guide and the lifecycle guide.
ETSO authorisations
The next point is the procedure for issuing an ETSO authorisation.
This Subpart establishes the procedure for issuing ETSO authorisations and the rules governing the rights and obligations of applicants for, or holders of, such authorisations.
Quoted word for word from Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, Easy Access Rules for Initial Airworthiness, 27 Nov 2025 revision.
In order to be issued an ETSO authorisation, the applicant shall:
(a)demonstrate its capability in accordance with point 21.A.602B;
(b)demonstrate that the article complies with the technical conditions of the applicable ETSO or with deviations therefrom approved in accordance with point 21.A.610, if any;
(c)comply with the requirements of this Subpart; and
(d)declare that no feature or characteristic has been identified that may make the article unsafe for the uses for which certification is requested.
Quoted word for word from Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, Easy Access Rules for Initial Airworthiness, 27 Nov 2025 revision.
The holder of an ETSO authorisation is entitled to produce and to mark the article with the appropriate ETSO marking.
Quoted word for word from Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, Easy Access Rules for Initial Airworthiness, 27 Nov 2025 revision.
(a)The DDP shall contain at least the following information:
1.information corresponding to point 21.A.31(a) and (b), identifying the article and its design and testing standard;
2.the rated performance of the article, where appropriate, either directly or by reference to other supplementary documents;
3.a statement of compliance certifying that the article has met the appropriate ETSO;
4.reference to relevant test reports;
5.reference to the appropriate Maintenance, Overhaul and Repair Manuals;
6.the levels of compliance, where various levels of compliance are allowed by the ETSO;
7.list of deviations accepted in accordance with point 21.A.610.
(b)The DDP shall be endorsed with the date and signature of the holder of the ETSO authorisation, or its authorised representative.
Quoted word for word from Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, Easy Access Rules for Initial Airworthiness, 27 Nov 2025 revision.
The Declaration of Design and Performance contains at least the information in point (a). Point (b) is the date and signature of the holder, or of its authorised representative.
How the two regimes meet
The certification specifications are the standard inside the type-certification basis above. The ETSO authorisation is the article-level approval in the points just quoted. A released component then belongs to the parts and EASA Form 1 guide.
Where to read it yourself
The ETSO points are in the EASA Easy Access Rules for Initial Airworthiness and Environmental Protection, Regulation (EU) No 748/2012, checked against the 2025-11-27 revision. The certification specifications themselves are published as separate Easy Access Rules. This page does not assign a code to a class of product. The basis for an application is the one point 21.B.80 describes.
Educational content, not regulatory compliance advice. Verify against the current regulation text before relying on it.
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Written by Dionysis Kefalas. Retired Hellenic Air Force Captain and founder of Avioverse. About the author
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