AMCAcceptable means of compliance
AMC1 ATCO.D.010(a)(2)(v)Composition of initial training – Area control surveillance rating (ACS) training
SUBJECT 7: HUMAN FACTORS The subject objective is: Learners shall recognise the necessity to constantly extend their knowledge and analyse factors which affect personal and team performance. [applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUM 1 — PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 1.1 — Cognitive | ||||
| ACS HUM 1.1.1 | Describe the human information-processing model. | 2 | Attention, perception, memory, situational awareness, decision-making, response | ALL |
| ACS HUM 1.1.2 | Describe the factors which influence human information-processing. | 2 | Confidence, stress, learning, knowledge, experience, fatigue, alcohol/drugs, distraction, interpersonal relations | ALL |
| ACS HUM 1.1.3 | Monitor the effect of human information-processing factors on decision-making. | 3 | Optional content: workload, stress, interpersonal relations, distraction, confidence | ALL |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUM 1 — INFORMATION PROCESSING | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 1.1 — Cognition and factors influencing it | ||||
| ACS HUM 1.1.1 | Describe the human information-processing model. | 2 | Attention, perception, memory, situational awareness, decision-making, response | ALL |
| ACS HUM 1.1.2 | Describe the factors which influence human information-processing. | 2 | Confidence, stress, learning, knowledge, experience, fatigue, alcohol/drugs, distraction, interpersonal relations | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 1.2 — Situational awareness | ||||
| ACS HUM 1.2.1 | Appreciate the effect of human information-processing factors on situational awareness. | 3 | Optional content: workload, knowledge, interpersonal relations, distraction, confidence, experience, fatigue, stress | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 1.3 — Decision-making | ||||
| ACS HUM 1.3.1 | Appreciate the effect of human information-processing factors on decision-making. | 3 | Optional content: workload, stress, interpersonal relations, distraction, confidence | ALL |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUM 2 — MEDICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 2.1 — Fatigue | ||||
| ACS HUM 2.1.1 | State factors that cause fatigue. | 1 | Shift work Optional content: night shifts and rosters, Regulation (EU) 2017/373, ICAO/IFATCA/CANSO’s Fatigue Management Guide for Air Traffic Service Providers | ALL |
| ACS HUM 2.1.2 | Describe the onset of fatigue. | 2 | Regulation (EU) 2017/373 Optional content: lack of concentration, listlessness, irritability, frustration, ICAO/IFATCA/CANSO’s Fatigue Management Guide for Air Traffic Service Providers | ALL |
| ACS HUM 2.1.3 | Recognise the onset of fatigue in self. | 1 | Optional content: ICAO/IFATCA/CANSO’s Fatigue Management Guide for Air Traffic Service Providers | ALL |
| ACS HUM 2.1.4 | Recognise the onset of fatigue in others. | 1 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 2.1.5 | Describe appropriate action when recognising fatigue. | 2 | ALL | |
| Subtopic HUM 2.2 — Fitness | ||||
| ACS HUM 2.2.1 | Recognise signs of lack of personal fitness. | 1 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 2.2.2 | Describe actions when aware of a lack of personal fitness. | 2 | ALL | |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUM 2 — FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH AND WELL-BEING | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 2.1 — Fatigue | ||||
| ACS HUM 2.1.1 | Describe the onset of fatigue. | 2 | Regulation (EU) 2017/373 Optional content: lack of concentration, listlessness, irritability, frustration, Skybrary Human Behaviour: EUROCONTROL Fatigue and sleep management | ALL |
| ACS HUM 2.1.2 | Recognise the onset of fatigue in self and in others. | 1 | Optional content: Skybrary Human Behaviour: EUROCONTROL Fatigue and sleep management | ALL |
| ACS HUM 2.1.3 | Describe the appropriate action when recognising fatigue. | 2 | Optional content: Skybrary Human Behaviour, EUROCONTROL Fatigue and sleep management | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 2.2 — Stress | ||||
| ACS HUM 2.2.1 | Recognise the effects of stress on human performance. | 1 | Stress and its symptoms in self and in others Optional content: Regulation (EU) 2017/373 | ALL |
| ACS HUM 2.2.2 | Describe the appropriate action when recognising stress. | 2 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 2.2.3 | Act to reduce stress. | 3 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 2.2.4 | Respond to stressful situations by offering, asking for or accepting assistance. | 3 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 2.2.5 | Recognise the effect of stressful events. | 1 | Self and others, abnormal situations | ALL |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUM 3 — SOCIAL AND ORGANISATIONAL FACTORS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 3.1 — Team resource management (TRM) | ||||
| ACS HUM 3.1.1 | State the relevance of TRM. | 1 | Optional content: TRM course, EUROCONTROL Guidelines for the development of TRM training | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.1.2 | State the content of the TRM concept. | 1 | Optional content: teamwork, human error, team roles, stress, decision-making, communication, situational awareness | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 3.2 — Teamwork and team roles | ||||
| ACS HUM 3.2.1 | Identify reasons for conflict. | 3 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 3.2.2 | Describe actions to prevent human conflicts. | 2 | Optional content: TRM team roles | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.2.3 | Describe strategies to cope with human conflicts. | 2 | Optional content: in your team, in the simulator | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 3.3 — Responsible behaviour | ||||
| ACS HUM 3.3.1 | Consider the factors which influence responsible behaviour. | 2 | Optional content: situation, team, personal situation and judgement, instance of justification, moral motivation, personality | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.3.2 | Apply responsible judgement. | 3 | Case study and discussion about a dilemma situation | ALL |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUM 3 — THREAT AND ERROR MANAGEMENT | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 3.1 — Threat and error management framework | ||||
| ACS HUM 3.1.1 | Explain the importance of threat and error management. | 2 | Optional content: prevention of incidents, safety improvement, revision of procedures and/or working practices | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.1.2 | Explain the threat and error management framework. | 2 | Threats, errors, undesired states, countermeasures Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.1.3 | Differentiate between the different types of threats in ATC. | 2 | Internal, external, airborne, environmental Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.1.4 | Differentiate between the different types of errors in ATC. | 2 | Equipment, procedural, communication Optional content: increase in traffic, changes in procedures, complexities of systems or traffic, weather, unusual occurrences | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.1.5 | Differentiate between the different types of undesired states. | 2 | On the ground, airborne Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.1.6 | Analyse examples of threat and error management in ATC. | 4 | Case studies Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 3.2 — Application of threat and error management | ||||
| ACS HUM 3.2.1 | Manage threats. | 3 | Detect and respond Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.2.2 | Manage errors. | 2 | Detect and respond Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 3.2.3 | Manage undesired states. | 2 | Detect and respond Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUM 4 — STRESS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 4.1 — Stress | ||||
| ACS HUM 4.1.1 | Recognise the effects of stress on performance. | 1 | Stress and its symptoms in self and in others Optional content: Regulation (EU) 2017/373 | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 4.2 — Stress management | ||||
| ACS HUM 4.2.1 | Act to reduce stress. | 3 | The effect of personality in coping with stress, the benefits of active stress management | ALL |
| ACS HUM 4.2.2 | Respond to stressful situations by offering, asking or accepting assistance. | 3 | Optional content: the benefits of offering, accepting and asking for help in stressful situations | ALL |
| ACS HUM 4.2.3 | Recognise the effect of shocking and stressful events. | 1 | Self and others, abnormal situations, Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) | ALL |
| ACS HUM 4.2.4 | Consider the benefits of Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM). | 2 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 4.2.5 | Explain procedures to be used following an incident/accident. | 2 | Optional content: CISM, counselling, human element | ALL |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUM 4 — TEAMWORK | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 4.1 — Benefits of teamwork | ||||
| ACS HUM 4.1.1 | State the benefits of teamwork. | 1 | Increased safety, efficiency and capacity | ALL |
| ACS HUM 4.1.2 | List the controller’s human performance elements affected by teamwork. | 1 | Situational awareness, communication, decision-making, threat and error management, workload management | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 4.2 — Conflict management | ||||
| ACS HUM 4.2.1 | Identify the reasons for conflict. | 3 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 4.2.2 | Describe strategies to cope with human conflicts. | 2 | Optional content: in your team, in the simulator | ALL |
| ACS HUM 4.2.3 | Describe actions to prevent human conflicts. | 2 | ALL | |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUM 5 — HUMAN ERROR | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 5.1 — Human error | ||||
| ACS HUM 5.1.1 | Explain the relationship between error and safety. | 2 | Number and combination of errors, proactive versus reactive approach to discovery of error Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.2 | Differentiate between the types of error. | 2 | Slips, lapses, mistakes Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.3 | Describe error-prone conditions. | 2 | Optional content: increase in traffic, changes in procedures, complexities of systems or traffic, weather, unusual occurrences | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.4 | Collect examples of different error types, their causes and consequences for ATC. | 3 | Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.5 | Explain how to detect errors to compensate for them. | 2 | STCA, MSAW, individual and collective strategy Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.6 | Execute corrective actions. | 3 | Error compensation Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.7 | Explain the importance of error management. | 2 | Optional content: prevention of incidents, safety improvement, revision of procedures and/or working practices | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.8 | Describe the impact on an ATCO’s performance following an occurrence/incident. | 2 | Optional content: reporting, SMS, investigation, CISM | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 5.2 — Violation of rules | ||||
| ACS HUM 5.2.1 | Explain the causes and dangers of violation of rules becoming accepted as a practice. | 2 | Optional content: ICAO Circular 314 — AN/178 Threat and Error Management (TEM) in Air Traffic Control | ALL |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUM 5 — SYSTEMS | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 5.1 — Concept of systems in ATM/ANS | ||||
| ACS HUM 5.1.1 | Explain the concept of systems. | 2 | People; procedures; equipment; ATM in system terms: simple, complicated, and complex systems; system thinking | ALL |
| ACS HUM 5.1.2 | Describe how changes in one part of a system may impact the other parts. | 2 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 5.1.3 | Describe the role of the human in the system. | 2 | ALL | |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC HUM 6 — COLLABORATIVE WORK | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 6.1 — Communication | ||||
| ACS HUM 6.1.1 | Use communication effectively in ATC. | 3 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 6.1.2 | Analyse examples of pilot–controller communication for effectiveness. | 4 | ALL | |
| Subtopic HUM 6.2 — Collaborative work within the same area of responsibility | ||||
| ACS HUM 6.2.1 | List communication means between controllers in charge of the same area of responsibility (sector or tower). | 1 | Optional content: electronic, written, verbal and non-verbal communication | ALL |
| ACS HUM 6.2.2 | Explain consequences of the use of communication means on effectiveness. | 2 | Optional content: strip legibility and encoding, label designation, feedback | ALL |
| ACS HUM 6.2.3 | List possible actions to provide a safe position handover. | 1 | Optional content: rigour, preparation, overlap time | ALL |
| ACS HUM 6.2.4 | Explain consequences of a missed position handover process. | 2 | ALL | |
| Subtopic HUM 6.3 — Collaborative work between different areas of responsibility | ||||
| ACS HUM 6.3.1 | List factors and means for an effective coordination between sectors and/or tower positions. | 1 | Optional content: other sectors’ constraints, electronic coordination tools | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 6.4 — Controller–pilot cooperation | ||||
| ACS HUM 6.4.1 | Describe parameters affecting controller–pilot cooperation. | 2 | Optional content: workload, mutual knowledge, controller versus pilot mental picture | ALL |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC HUM 6 — COMMUNICATION | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic HUM 6.1 — Communication | ||||
| ACS HUM 6.1.1 | Explain effective communication in ATC operations. | 2 | ICAO Doc 9868 | ALL |
| ACS HUM 6.1.2 | Explain key strategies used to enable open communication. | 2 | Optional content: active listening, active speaking, assertiveness, honesty, relevance, facts, neutrality | ALL |
| ACS HUM 6.1.3 | Describe the parameters affecting the controller’s competence to communicate effectively. | 2 | Workload, mutual knowledge, controller versus pilot mental picture, distractions, sound, human conflicts Optional content: communication between and within the team(s), in the simulator, with the pilots, instructors, coordination partners | ALL |
| Subtopic HUM 6.2 — Effective feedback | ||||
| ACS HUM 6.2.1 | Define feedback. | 1 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 6.2.2 | Explain the purpose of receiving and giving feedback and its effect on performance. | 2 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 6.2.3 | Consider the impact of communication styles on feedback and on conflict resolution. | 2 | ALL | |
| ACS HUM 6.2.4 | Integrate feedback into performance. | 4 | ALL | |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
AMC · AMC1 ATCO.D.010(a)(2)(v) — Regulation (EU) 2015/340 · ED Decision 2023/011/R · ATCO Easy Access Rules · EAR revision 14 Jun 2024