AMCAcceptable means of compliance
AMC1 ATCO.D.010(a)(1)Composition of initial training – Basic training
SUBJECT 5: NAVIGATION The subject objective is: Learners shall explain the basic principles of navigation and use this knowledge in ATS operations. [applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 1 — INTRODUCTION TO NAVIGATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 1.1 — Application of units of measurement | |||
| BASIC NAVB 1.1.1 | Apply the units of measurement appropriate to navigation. | 3 | |
| Subtopic NAVB 1.2 — Purpose and use of navigation | |||
| BASIC NAVB 1.2.1 | Explain the need for navigation in aviation. | 2 | |
| BASIC NAVB 1.2.2 | Characterise navigation methods. | 2 | Optional content: historical overview, celestial, on-board, radio, satellites |
| TOPIC NAVB 2 — THE EARTH | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 2.1 — Place and movement of the Earth | ||||
| BASIC NAVB 2.1.1 | Explain the Earth’s properties and their effects. | 2 | Optional content: form, size, rotation, revolution in space, seasons, day, night, twilight, units of time, time zones, UTC | |
| Subtopic NAVB 2.2 — System of coordinates, direction and distance | ||||
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.1 | Characterise the general principles of a grid system. | 2 | Optional content: degrees, minutes, seconds, WGS-84, latitude/longitude | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.2 | Explain direction and distance on a globe. | 2 | Optional content: great circle, small circle, rhumb line, cardinal points, intercardinal points | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.3 | Estimate position on the Earth’s surface. | 3 | Optional content: latitude/longitude | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.4 | Estimate distance and direction between two points. | 3 | ||
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.5 | State the reference system used in aviation. | 1 | WGS 84 Optional content: impact of alternative reference models | |
| Subtopic NAVB 2.3 — Magnetism | ||||
| BASIC NAVB 2.3.1 | Explain the general principles of the Earth’s magnetism. | 2 | True North, magnetic North, variation, deviation, inclination, declination | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.3.2 | Calculate conversions between the three north designations. | 3 | True North, magnetic North, compass North | |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 2 — THE EARTH | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 2.1 — Place and movement of the Earth | ||||
| BASIC NAVB 2.1.1 | Explain the Earth’s properties and their effects. | 2 | Form, size, rotation, revolution in space, seasons, day, night, twilight, units of time, time zones, UTC | |
| Subtopic NAVB 2.2 — System of coordinates, direction and distance | ||||
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.1 | Characterise the general principles of a grid system. | 2 | Latitude/longitude, degrees, minutes, seconds | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.2 | Explain direction and distance on a globe. | 2 | Optional content: great circle, small circle, rhumb line, cardinal points, intercardinal points | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.3 | Estimate position on the Earth’s surface. | 3 | Latitude/longitude | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.2.4 | State the reference system used in aviation. | 1 | WGS 84 Optional content: impact of alternative reference models | |
| Subtopic NAVB 2.3 — Magnetism | ||||
| BASIC NAVB 2.3.1 | Explain the general principles of the Earth’s magnetism. | 2 | True north, magnetic north, variation, deviation, inclination, declination | |
| BASIC NAVB 2.3.2 | Calculate conversions between the three north designations. | 3 | True north, magnetic north, compass north | |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 3 — MAPS AND AERONAUTICAL CHARTS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 3.1 — Map making and projections | |||
| BASIC NAVB 3.1.1 | State how the Earth is projected to create a map. | 1 | Types of projection |
| BASIC NAVB 3.1.2 | Describe the properties of a map. | 2 | Projection, scale |
| BASIC NAVB 3.1.3 | Describe the properties of an ideal map. | 2 | Optional content: conformality, constant scale, true azimuth, rhumb lines and great circles |
| BASIC NAVB 3.1.4 | State the properties and use of different projections. | 1 | Optional content: Lambert, Mercator, stereographic |
| Subtopic NAVB 3.2 — Maps and charts used in aviation | |||
| BASIC NAVB 3.2.1 | Differentiate between the various maps and charts. | 2 | |
| BASIC NAVB 3.2.2 | State the specific use of various maps and charts. | 1 | |
| BASIC NAVB 3.2.3 | Decode symbols and information displayed on maps and charts. | 3 | Optional content: topographical features, NAV aids, fixes, fly over and fly by waypoints, etc. |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 3 — MAPS AND AERONAUTICAL CHARTS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 3.1 — Maps and charts used in aviation | |||
| BASIC NAVB 3.1.1 | Differentiate between the various maps and charts. | 2 | AIP |
| BASIC NAVB 3.1.2 | State the specific use of various maps and charts. | 1 | |
| BASIC NAVB 3.1.3 | Decode symbols and information displayed on maps and charts. | 3 | Optional content: chart scale, topographical features, NAV aids, fixes, fly-over and fly-by waypoints, display of true north, magnetic north, variation, etc. |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 4 — NAVIGATIONAL BASICS | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 4.1 — Influence of wind | |||
| BASIC NAVB 4.1.1 | Appreciate the influence of wind on the flight path. | 3 | Heading, track, drift, wind vector Optional content: triangle of velocities |
| Subtopic NAVB 4.2 — Speed | |||
| BASIC NAVB 4.2.1 | Explain the relationship between various speeds used in aviation. | 2 | True air speed, ground speed, indicated air speed (including Mach number) |
| BASIC NAVB 4.2.2 | Appreciate the use of various speeds in ATC. | 3 | |
| Subtopic NAVB 4.3 — Visual navigation | |||
| BASIC NAVB 4.3.1 | Describe visual navigation. | 2 | Map reading, visual reference |
| BASIC NAVB 4.3.2 | State the cases where visual navigation is primarily used in commercial aviation. | 1 | Approach and landing, taxiing Optional content: visual aids |
| Subtopic NAVB 4.4 — Navigational aspects of flight planning | |||
| BASIC NAVB 4.4.1 | Describe the navigational aspects affecting flight planning. | 2 | Optional content: fuel/time calculations, minimum altitudes, alternative routes, weather conditions, ICAO Flight Plan (Item 18 use) |
| TOPIC NAVB 5 — INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 5.1 — Ground-based systems | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.1 | Explain the basic working principles of ground-based systems. | 2 | VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS Optional content: TACAN |
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.2 | State the use of ground-based systems. | 1 | VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS Optional content: TACAN |
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.3 | Characterise the main radio navigation techniques based on ground-based systems. | 2 | Area navigation, conventional navigation Optional content: homing, inbound/ outbound tracking, instrument approach procedures, holding, drift assessment |
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.4 | Explain the accuracy and limitations of ground-based systems. | 2 | VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS Optional content: TACAN |
| Subtopic NAVB 5.2 — Inertial navigation systems | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.2.1 | Explain the basic working principles, precision and limitations of on-board systems. | 2 | Optional content: INS/IRS |
| BASIC NAVB 5.2.2 | State the use of on-board systems. | 1 | |
| Subtopic NAVB 5.3 — Satellite-based systems | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.3.1 | Explain the basic working principles of a satellite positioning system. | 2 | Optional content: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou |
| BASIC NAVB 5.3.2 | State the basic principles of GNSS concept. | 1 | Basic, ABAS, SBAS, GBAS Optional content: core constellations, MCMF, integrity, RAIM, accuracy improvement, geometric altitude accuracy |
| BASIC NAVB 5.3.3 | Explain the limitations of satellite-based systems. | 2 | GPS, Galileo Optional content: GLONASS, Beidou, integrity, GPS NOTAMs |
| Subtopic NAVB 5.4 — Instrument approach procedures | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.1 | Recognise various types of instrument approach using aeronautical charts. | 1 | Precision Approach (PA), Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance (APV), Non-Precision Approach (NPA) |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.2 | Differentiate between precision approach and non-precision approach procedures. | 2 | |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.3 | Recognise the different minima used during an instrument approach. | 1 | |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.4 | Define the terms appropriate to instrument approach minima. | 1 | OCA/OCH, MDA/MDH and DA/DH |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.5 | List the instrumental approach fixes. | 1 | IAF, IF, FAF, FAP, MAPt |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 5 — INSTRUMENT NAVIGATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 5.1 — Ground-based systems | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.1 | Explain the basic working principles of ground-based systems. | 2 | VOR, DME, ILS Optional content: VDF, NDB, TACAN |
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.2 | State the use of ground-based systems. | 1 | VOR, DME, ILS Optional content: VDF, NDB, TACAN |
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.3 | Characterise the main radio navigation techniques based on ground-based systems. | 2 | Area navigation, conventional navigation Optional content: homing, inbound/ outbound tracking, instrument approach procedures, holding, drift assessment |
| BASIC NAVB 5.1.4 | Explain the accuracy and limitations of ground-based systems. | 2 | VDF, NDB, VOR, DME, ILS Optional content: TACAN |
| Subtopic NAVB 5.2 — Inertial navigation systems | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.2.1 | Explain the basic working principles, precision and limitations of on-board systems. | 2 | Optional content: INS/IRS |
| BASIC NAVB 5.2.2 | State the use of on-board systems. | 1 | |
| Subtopic NAVB 5.3 — Satellite-based systems | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.3.1 | Explain the basic working principles of a satellite positioning system. | 2 | Optional content: GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, Beidou |
| BASIC NAVB 5.3.2 | State the basic principles of the GNSS concept. | 1 | Basic, ABAS, SBAS, GBAS Optional content: core constellations, MCMF, integrity, RAIM, accuracy improvement, geometric altitude accuracy |
| BASIC NAVB 5.3.3 | Explain the limitations of satellite-based systems. | 2 | GPS, Galileo Optional content: GLONASS, Beidou, integrity, GPS NOTAMs |
| Subtopic NAVB 5.4 — Instrument approach procedures | |||
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.1 | Recognise various types of instrument approach using aeronautical charts. | 1 | Precision Approach (PA), Approach Procedure with Vertical guidance (APV), Non-Precision Approach (NPA) |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.2 | Differentiate between precision approach and non-precision approach procedures. | 2 | Optional content: 2D/3D operations |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.3 | Recognise the different minima used during an instrument approach. | 1 | |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.4 | Define the terms appropriate to instrument approach minima. | 1 | OCA/OCH, MDA/MDH and DA/DH |
| BASIC NAVB 5.4.5 | List the instrument approach fixes. | 1 | IAF, IF, FAF, FAP, MAPt |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 6 — PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 6.1 — Principles and benefits of area navigation | |||
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.1 | Explain the basic principles of area navigation. | 2 | Optional content: Requirement for navigation computer, suitable sensors, ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.2 | State the benefits of area navigation. | 1 | Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.3 | State the effects of navigational performance accuracy of RNAV systems on the flight. | 1 | TSE, PDE, NSE, FTE Optional content: high-quality data, ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.4 | Characterise the main aircraft and avionics functionalities used in area navigation. | 2 | Optional content: database, fly over and fly by waypoints transitions, managed turns (RF and FRT) path terminators, parallel offset, autopilot/flight director (AP/FD) |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.5 | Characterise the navigational functions of FMS. | 2 | Optional content: VNAV, LNAV |
| Subtopic NAVB 6.2 — Introduction to PBN | |||
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.1 | State the general concept of PBN. | 1 | Components of PBN Optional content: key enabler, ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.2 | Differentiate between RNAV and RNP. | 2 | On-board performance monitoring and alerting Optional content: different generations of aircraft and on-board systems |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.3 | State the navigation infrastructure that may be used in PBN. | 1 | VOR, DME, GNSS Optional content: functionality IRS/INS |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.4 | State the benefits of PBN concept. | 1 | Optional content: global interoperability, limited number of navigation specifications, the PBN concept enables continuous descent operations (CDO) and continuous climb operations (CCO) |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.5 | List the navigation specifications and the phases of flight they are applicable to. | 1 | RNAV 10, RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 4, RNP 2, RNP 1, RNP 0.3, A-RNP, RNP APCH and RNP AR APCH Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613 |
| Subtopic NAVB 6.3 — PBN applications | |||
| BASIC NAVB 6.3.1 | State the navigation applications used in Europe. | 1 | RNAV 5, RNAV 1, RNP 1 with RF, RNP 0.3, RNP APCH Optional content: PCP (Regulation (EU) No 716/2014) (AF #1, AF #3), PBN(Regulation (EU) 2018/1048) |
[applicable until 3 August 2024 - ED Decision 2019/023/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 6 — PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 6.1 — Principles and benefits of area navigation | |||
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.1 | Explain the basic principles of area navigation. | 2 | Optional content: requirement for navigation computer, suitable sensors, ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.2 | State the benefits of area navigation. | 1 | Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.3 | State the effects of navigational performance accuracy of RNAV systems on the flight. | 1 | TSE, PDE, NSE, FTE Optional content: high-quality data, ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.4 | Characterise the main aircraft and avionics functionalities used in area navigation. | 2 | Optional content: database, fly-over and fly-by waypoints transitions, managed turns (RF and FRT) path terminators, parallel offset, autopilot/flight director (AP/FD) |
| BASIC NAVB 6.1.5 | Characterise the navigational functions of FMS. | 2 | Optional content: VNAV, LNAV |
| Subtopic NAVB 6.2 — Introduction to PBN | |||
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.1 | State the general concept of PBN. | 1 | Components of PBN Optional content: key enabler, ICAO Doc 9613 |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.2 | Differentiate between RNAV and RNP. | 2 | On-board performance monitoring and alerting Optional content: different generations of aircraft and on-board systems |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.3 | State the navigation infrastructure that may be used in PBN. | 1 | VOR, DME, GNSS Optional content: functionality IRS/INS |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.4 | State the benefits of the PBN concept. | 1 | Optional content: global interoperability, limited number of navigation specifications, the PBN concept enables continuous descent operations (CDO) and continuous climb operations (CCO) |
| BASIC NAVB 6.2.5 | List the navigation specifications and the phases of flight they are applicable to. | 1 | RNAV 10, RNAV 5, RNAV 2, RNAV 1, RNP 4, RNP 2, RNP 1, RNP 0.3, A-RNP, RNP APCH and RNP AR APCH Optional content: ICAO Doc 9613 |
| Subtopic NAVB 6.3 — PBN applications | |||
| BASIC NAVB 6.3.1 | State the navigation applications used in Europe. | 1 | RNAV 5, RNAV 1, RNP 1 with RF, RNP 0.3, RNP APCH Optional content: PCP (Regulation (EU) No 716/2014) (AF #1, AF #3), PBN (Regulation (EU) 2018/1048) |
[applicable from 4 August 2024 - ED Decision 2023/011/R]
| TOPIC NAVB 7 — DEVELOPMENTS IN NAVIGATION | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Subtopic NAVB 7.1 — Future developments | |||
| BASIC NAVB 7.1.1 | State future developments in navigation. | 1 | Optional content: 3D VNAV outside FA, trajectory-based operations |
AMC · AMC1 ATCO.D.010(a)(1) — Regulation (EU) 2015/340 · ED Decision 2023/011/R · ATCO Easy Access Rules · EAR revision 14 Jun 2024